Department of Computer Sciences
Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad

Umer Rashid

 

Associate Professor

HEC Approved Supervisor

📧 umerrashid-at-qau-edu-pk
☎ +92-51-9064-2012
     Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan

 

ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3453-7979

Google Scholar: https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=gxAJd3YAAAAJ&hl=en                              

QAU: http://cs.qau.edu.pk/profiles/umer.htm

Research Interests

1.    Multimedia Information Discovery

2.    Human Aspects of Computing

3.    Human Information Interaction

4.    Multimedia Information Retrieval

5.    Multimedia Computing

6.    User-centered Computing

7.    Search User Interface Design

8.    Data/Information Visualization

9.    Big Data and Visual Analytic

10.  Nonlinear Modeling and Simulation

11.  Deep Learning Applications

Academic Research/Projects

1.    Multiple Media Information Search Framework (Ph.D. thesis, 2012-2017)

2.    Multimodal Search Mechanism (M.Phil. Thesis, 2006-2007)

3.    Traffic Congestion Control Simulator of Islamabad (BS Project, 2005)

Distinctions/Awards

1.    PhD-IRSIP Award (2015)

2.    Quaid-I-Azam University Ph.D. Research Fellowship (2012-2017)

3.    Quaid-I-Azam University M.Phil. Research Fellowship (2006-2007)

4.    1st position in M.Phil. (CS) batch spring 2006-2007

5.    Department Merit Certificate and Chancellors Medal

Academic Experience

1.    Associate Professor (BPS-20), Department of Computer Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam

University, Islamabad, Pakistan -27 March 2024 – to date.

2.    Assistant Professor (BPS-19) - Quaid-I-Azam University, Pakistan – 22 October 2019 to 26 March 2024

3.    Lecturer (BPS-18)- Quaid-I-Azam University, Pakistan - September 2010 to October 2019

4.    Lecturer - Riphah International University - June 2008 to August 2010

5.    Lecturer (BPS-17)- Federal Government Liaquat Ali Degree College - September 2007 to May 2008

6.    Visiting Lecturer - Quaid-I-Azam University - September 2007 to July 2008

7.    Visiting Lecturer - Quaid-I-Azam University - February 2010 to Jun 2010

Administrative Experience

1.    QAU Anti Plagiarism services Focal Person (05-06-2024 to date)

2.    Member QAU House Allotment Committee (July 2022 to date)

3.    In-charge QAU Faculty Lodges (July 2022-March 2023)

4.    Member QAU-CS OEB Committee (July 2022 to date)

5.    Senior Warden QAU Boys Hostel (June 2021-April 2023)

6.    Member QAU Board of Faculty (November 2021 to date)

7.    Member QAU-CS Board of Studies (June 2021 to date)

8.    Member QAU Boys Hostel Supervisory Committee (June 2021-April 2023)

9.    Member QAU Faculty Lodges Extension Committee (December 2021-December 2022)

10.  Member QAU Scholarship Award Committee (June 2021-April 2023)

11.  Member QAU-CS Departmental Purchase Committee (January 2022 to date)

12.  Member QAU-CS Departmental MS Budget Committee (March 2021 to date)

13.  Member QAU-CS Departmental Committee for MS Data Science (March 2021-Dec 2021)

14.  Program Team Member QAU-QEC (September 2021 to date)

15.  Program Coordinator QAU-CS MS-IST (September 2020-June 2023)

16.  Focal Person QAU-NCEAC (April 2019 to date)

17.  Head QAU-CS Departmental QAC (Jun 2018-Jan 2022)

18.  Member QAU-CS Accreditation Committee (May 2018 to date)

19.  Coordinator QAU-CS Workshops/Seminars (Feb 2018 to date)

20.  Member QAU-CS PhD/ M.Phil./MS Admission Committee (Dec 2017 to date).

21.  Coordinator QAU-CS MS Admission Committee (Spring 2018)

22.  Course Coordinator QAU-FNS-Introduction to Computing Technology (Fall 2016)

23.  Member QAU-CS MSc Admission Committee (Dec 2010 to date)

24.  In-charge Faculty of Computing-RIU Workshops (May 2010-August 2010)

25.  Project Coordinator Faculty of Computing, RIU (Sept 2008-August 2010)

Academics

• MS / MPhil / PhD Courses Taught

• Multimedia Retrieval Techniques
• Information Retrieval Systems
• Human Information Interaction
• Multimedia Technology
• Information Architecture
• Design for Usability
• Digital Libraries
• Search Spaces Discovery
• Research Seminar
• Multimodal User Interfaces
• Information Visualization and Presentation

• MSc Courses Taught

• Computer Architecture
• Computer Communication and Networks
• Computer Systems
• Database Design
• Discrete Mathematics
• Human Aspects of Computing
• Introduction to Computing Theory
• Multimedia Application and Design
• Object Oriented Programming
• Operating Systems
• Discrete Mathematics

• BS Courses Taught

• Human Computer Interaction
• Database Systems
• Data Structures and Algorithms
• Introduction to Computing
• Multimedia Application and Design
• Software Design and Architecture
• Operating Systems
• Discrete Mathematics
• Web Information Retrieval
• Applications of ICT

• Undergraduate Projects Supervised

• QAU-CS Seminar Management System, Farheen Fatima (2023)
• Android-based Learning Zone for Pre-Nursery Kids, Sadia Aleem (2022)
• A GIS-based Tour Planner and Recommender System, Ahmed Nawaz (2022)
• E-Health Patient Record Management System, Sumbal Mir (2022)
• Multiple Media Meta Search Aggregator, Daynal Ahmed (2022)
• Multimedia Animator Space for Kids, Khansa Khalil (2022)
• Collaborative Multimedia Entertainment Sharing Space, Areej Amjad (2022)
• QAU-Food Portal System, Sumbal Batool (2022)
• Android-based mobile user interface for elder adults, Javaria Tahir (2021)
• Buy Best: Sales Appraisal Recommender system for Men, Raheel Asghar (2021)
• Music Search Aggregator, Laiba Gul (2021)
• Web Image Search Results Exploration Tool, Sadia Manzoor (2020)
• Food Portal: A Personal Contextual Food Recommender System, Areefa Shariq (2020)
• Shopping Region Locator: A contextual GIS to locate shopping Regions, Sher Islam (2020)
• An information Space to Explore Entertainment Contents, Aliza Mumtaz (2020)
• Bio-metric based students attendance management system, Adeel Waris (2020)
• Automatic Video Annotation Tool, Ali Yar (2020)
• Content Based Video Search Engine, Mehwish Siddique (2019)
• Buy Best-A Meta Search Engine for Electronic Products, Bilal Shabir (2019)
• A collaborative Billboard Design Tool, Zobia Jamil (2018)
• Video Authoring Tool for Smart Phone, Tariq Shahzad (2018)
• Video Meta Search engine, Muhammad Osama (2017)
• Multimodal Dashboard for Montessori Kids, Tayyaba Ilyas (2017)
• Image Authoring Tool for Smart Phone, Baseer Khan (2017)
• A Collaborative Multimedia Information Space for Kids, Rabbia Javad (2017)
• Safe to Watch Video Management System, Muhammad Kamran (2016)
• Video timeline analysis, Maryam Afzal (2015)
• QAU Virtual Tour, Sami Ullah (2015)
• Visualization of Text Search Results, Farrukh Aziz (2014)
• Event Based Learning of Nursery Rhymes, Dania Javad (2014)
• Desktop Image Search System, Saddam Hussain (2014)
• Music Search engine, Muhammad Naveed (2015)
• Video Clustering using Multiple Feature Sets, Shahid Freed (2014)
• Learning Animal and Birds through Images/Voice using Smartphones, Rabia Javad (2014)
• RSS News feed Reader, Bushra Jabbar (2014)
• Lab Watcher Tool, Mudassar Tufail (2014)
• Survey of Query-by-Sketch Image Search System, Tahir Mahmood (2013)
• QAU Bus Tracking System, Muhammad Raza (2013)
• An Interactive Tool for Semi-Automatic Image Annotation, Bakhtawar Arif (2012)
• Character Story Building for Kids, Shahazad Riaz (2012)
• Automatic Image Clustering, Moaz Saif (2012)
• Zoo Puzzles for Kids, Muhammad Hassan Mahmood (2012)
• Multimedia-on-Demand: P2P Mesh Network, Kehshan Zeb (2012)
• Similar Image Segments Identification System, Muhammad Idrees (2011)
• Scientific Document Visualization Tool, Haseeb Wali (2011)
• Students Evaluation System, Saira Din (2010)
• Final Year Project Management System, Sulman Mudassar (2010)
• Riphah Job Zone, Muhammad Adnan (2010)
• N-Gram Modeling, Search and Visualization, Adnan Raza (2009)
• Web Video Crawler, Muhammad Tahir Amin (2009)

• M.Phil./MS Theses Supervised

• A Machine Learning Approach to Assess the Trustworthiness of Textual Tweets, Hina Siddique (2024)
• Vertical Web Search Results Interaction Framework, Rutaba Azmat (2023)
• Aggregated Vertical Web Search Results Research Framework, Sumaira Ambreen (2023)
• Blockchain-based E-Commerce Supply Management Framework, M. Sulman (2023)
• Blockchain-based Patient Health Records Management Framework, Noor-ul-Ain (2023)
• A Socialized Geotagging-based Garbage Identification Mechanism, Waylat Ali (2023)
• Image Search Results Diversification using Machine Learning Approaches, Jawad Ali (2022)
• Information Retrieval Interaction Framework, Hanzla Arslan (2022)
• An Approach to Identify Fingerprints from Multimedia Contents, Samra Naseer (2022)
• Multimedia Vertical Web Search Query Modification Framework, Tajmir Khan (2021)
• Multimedia Information Aggregated Search Results Discovery, A. Rehman (2021)
• Localization of Dental Carious Region using Deep Learning, Aimen Javed (2021)
• Web Search Results Exploration Mechanism for Blind Users, Snober Naseer (2021)
• Image Search Results Exploration Framework, Maha Saddal (2020)

Seminars/Workshops

• Organized

• How to Achieve Success and Happiness in Life: A Master Class, Javad H Agha (Foremr CEO PERAL), December 01, 2024
• Harnessing the Power of LLMS: Transforming Financial Services with Chatbots, Dr. Jamal Nasir (University of Galway, Ireland)
• Industry 4.0 Technologies by Waleed Baqir Riaz (COO DPL), DPL., May 14, 2024.
• Entrepreneurial and Growth Dynamics in the Tech Landscape by Usman Asif (CEO Devsinc), DEVSINC, March 7, 2024.
• Tech Horizons: Building Bridges between Educational Institutions and Industry Realities by Junaid Rehmat, DEVSINC, January 9, 2024
• A Seminar on Cyber Security Awareness by CLS FAST, October 23, 2023.
• A Seminar on Introduction to Developer Cloud by CEO ZiCon, December 12, 2023.
• Talk: Blockchain-Introduction, Applications & Prospects by Mr. Ali Zain, CEO of Ideofuzion Pvt. Ltd, December 21, 2022.
• Professional Software World by Mr. Ali Hasnain Rizvi, Associate Professor, Uppsala University, September 17, 2022.
• The connection between mathematics and machine learning by Dr. Salman Toor Associate Professor, Uppsala University, June 16, 2022.
• Collaborative Development using GIT by Mr. Zahid Riaz, Chief Technology Officer, Bitsol Technologies, June 09, 2022.
• Weakly supervised deep learning in computational pathology by Dr. Mohsin Bilal, Senior Data Scientist, PathLAKE CoE University of Warwick, UK, 17 March 2022.
• Distributed Computing infrastructures, Recent challenges and opportunities by Dr. Salman Toor Associate Professor, Uppsala University, January 04, 2022.
• Global Technological Trends - Online guidance session for Outgoing CS Graduates, by Mr Yasir Khattak, global Tech market, 14 August 2021.
• New Era of Language Processing by Dr. Jamal Nasir, Post Doc Fellow DSI, NUI Galway Galway, Ireland, Jun 04, 2021.
• Data Analytics Introduction by DICE Analytics, May 27, 2021.
• I-Code Guru by: Dr. Shahid Zafar, Software Engineer Facebook, 28th October 2020.
• Business Intelligence by: Bilal Manzoor, MRC Consultants and Advisers, 11th March 2020.
• Practical Network Infrastructure Development and Security threats by: Naveed Ahmed, Software Engineer, Information Security, FCC, 3rd May 2019.
• Oracle Business Analytics in cloud, by Sajeel Shahzad, Country Manager - Oracle Academy (Pakistan, Thailand, Nepal, Afghanistan), 15 March 2019.
• Digital Transformation in Higher Education and how Microsoft is helping universities to adopt latest technology platforms by Microsoft Team, 09 January 2019.
• Data Analytics – Google Clouds by Mr. Yousef Mira, Google Data Analytics in Google Cloud team-Singapore, 28 December 2018.
• Cyber Range: A Shooting Range for Cyber Warriors by Dr. Muhammad Yousaf, Associate Professor, Riphah International University, Islamabad.
• Project Management Value Position & PM Career Path by: Khurram Ghori, PMP, MCTS, MCSD, Vice President – Strategic Planning at PMI Islamabad Chapter, 20 May 2010.
• Internship Opportunities Abroad for Undergraduate Science and Engineering Students by Dr. Arshad Ali, DG NUST, 01 April 2010.
• Software and Hardware Reliability by Mr. Muhammad Asif (GM, NESCOM), 09 April 2010.
• Component Based Software Development by Mr. Rizwan Yasin, Software Engineer, Elixir Technologies Corporation, 07 May 2010.

• Attended

• Reconstruction of an Inclusive Islamic Society in Pakistan in the Light of Paigham-e-Pakistan, organized by QAU, 18 March 2019.
• Cyber Range: A Shooting Range for Cyber Warriors, IEEE-ICET Workshop, organized by Department of Computer Sciences, QAU, 21 Nov 2018.
• First European Summer School on Fuzzy Logic and Application organized EUSFLAT, 7-11 September 2015.
• Training Workshop on Scientific Research tools, organized by PASTIC Pakistan, 24-28 March, 2014.
• IIT National Workshop on Bioinformatics for Computer Scientists, organized by COMSTECH- COMSATS, 21-25 May 2007.
• One-day workshop on Global Software Engineering Challenges, Opportunities and Organizational Readiness, organized by Software Engineering Department, IIUI, 2010

Research Publications

• Journal Publications

• Noor Ul Ain Tahir, Umer Rashid, Hassan Jalil Hadi, Naveed Ahmad, Yue Cao, Mohammed Ali Alshara, Yasir Javed. (2024). Blockchain-Based Healthcare Records Management Framework: Enhancing Security, Privacy, and Interoperability. Technologies, 12(9), 168.
• Tajmir Khan, Umer Rashid, Abdur Rehman Khan, Naveed Ahmad, Mohammed Ali Alshara. (2024). End-to-end vertical web search pseudo relevance feedback queries recommendation software. SoftwareX, 27, 101872.
• Sadia Rubab, Muhammad Wajeeh Uz Zaman, Umer Rashid, Lingyun Yu, Yingcai Wu. (2024). Audio-visual training and feedback to learn touch-based gestures. Journal of Visualization. 1-26.
• Tajmir Khan, Umer Rashid, Abdur Rehman Khan. (2024). End-to-end pseudo relevance feedback based vertical web search queries recommendation. Multimedia Tools and Applications, 1-39.
• Umer Rashid, Samra Naseer, Abdur Rehman Khan, Muazzam A Khan, Gauhar Ali, Naveed Ahmad, Yasir Javed. (2023). Sampling fingerprints from multimedia content resource clusters. IEEE Access,
• Qaisar Abbas, Yassine Daadaa, Umer Rashid, Muhammad Zaheer Sajid, Mostafa EA Ibrahim. (2003). HDR-EfficientNet: A Classification of Hypertensive and Diabetic Retinopathy Using Optimize EfficientNet Architecture. Diagnostics, 13(20), 3236.
• Snober Naseer, Umer Rashid, Maha Saddal, Abdur Rehman Khan, Qaisar Abbas, Yassine Daadaa. (2003). WSREB Mechanism: Web Search Results Exploration Mechanism for Blind Users. Applied Sciences, 13(19), 11007.
• Umer Rashid, Maha Saddal, Abdur Rehman Khan, Sadia Manzoor, Naveed Ahmad. (2023). I- Cubid: a nonlinear cubic graph-based approach to visualize and in-depth browse Flickr image results. PeerJ Computer Science, 9, e1476.
• Umer Rashid, Maha Saddal, Ghazanfar Farooqm & Naveed Ahmad. (2023). An SUI-based approach to explore visual search results cluster-graphs. PloS one, 18(1), e0280400.
• Qaisar Abbas, Yassine Daadaa, Umer Rashid, Mostafa EA Ibrahim. (2023). Assist-Dermo: A Lightweight Separable Vision Transformer Model for Multiclass Skin Lesion Classification. Diagnostics, 13(15), 2531.
• Muhammad Hassan Jamal, Muazzam A Khan, Safi Ullah, Mohammed S. Alshehri, Sultan Almakdi, Umer Rashid, Abdulwahab Alazeb, Jawad Ahmad. (2023). Multi-step attack detection in industrial networks using a hybrid deep learning architecture. Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering, 20(8), 13824-13848.
• Abdul Rehman Khan & Umer Rashid. (2023). AMED: Aggregated multimedia exploratory and discovery search software. SoftwareX, 21, 101312.
• Abdur Rehman Khan, Umer Rashid & Naveed Ahmed. (2022). An explanatory study on user behavior in discovering aggregated multimedia web content. 10, pp. 56316-56330.
• Adeel Ahmed, Khalid Saleem, Jiechao Gao, & Umer Rashid (2022). Trust-aware denoising autoencoder with spatial-temporal activity for cross-domain personalized recommendations. Neurocomputing, 511, 477-494.
• Maha Saddal, Umer Rashid, Akmal Saeed Khattak, Ghazanfar Farooq (2022). ISRE- Framework: nonlinear and multimodal exploration of image search result spaces. Multimedia Tools and Applications, 1-34.
• Umer Rashid, Aiman Javid, Abdur Rehman Khan, Leo Liu, Adeel Ahmed, Osman Khalid, Khalid Saleem, Shaista Meraj, Uzair Iqbal, Raheel Nawaz, A hybrid mask RCNN-based tool to localize dental cavities from real-time mixed photographic images. PeerJ Computer Science, 8, e888.
• Jameel Arif, Muazzam A Khan, Baraq Ghaleb, Jawad Ahmad, Arslan Munir, Umer Rashid, Ahmed Y Al-Dubai (2022). A Novel Chaotic Permutation-Substitution Image Encryption Scheme Based on Logistic Map and Random Substitution. IEEE Access, 10, 12966-12982.
• Adeel Ahmed, Khalid Saleem, Osman Khalid, Umer Rashid (2021). On deep neural network for trust aware cross domain recommendations in E-commerce. Expert Systems with Applications, 174, 114757.
• Umer Rashid, Khalid Saleem, Adeel Ahmed (2021). MIRRE approach: nonlinear and multimodal exploration of MIR aggregated search results. Multimedia Tools and Applications, 80(13), 20217-20253.
• Abdur Rehman Khan, Umer Rashid, Khalid Saleem, Adeel Ahmed (2021). An architecture for non-linear discovery of aggregated multimedia document web search results. PeerJ Computer Science, 7, e449.
• Sadaf Hussain Janjua, Ghazanfar Farooq Siddiqui, Muddassar Azam Sindhu, Umer Rashid (2021). Multi-level aspect based sentiment classification of Twitter data: using hybrid approach in deep learning. PeerJ Computer Science, 7, e433.
• Adeel Ahmed, Khalid Saleem, Umer Rashid, Abdullah Baz (2020). Modeling trust-aware recommendations with temporal dynamics in social networks. IEEE Access, 8, 149676-149705.
• Umer Rashid, Muhammad Afzal Bhatt (2017). A framework to explore results in multiple media information aggregated search. Multimedia Tools and Applications, 76(24), 25787- 25826.
• Umer Rashid, Marco Viviani, Gabriella Pasi (2016). A graph-based approach for visualizing and exploring a multimedia search result space. Information Sciences, 370, 303-322.
• Umer Rashid (2015). ANN based Expert System to Predict Disease in Cardiac Patients at Initial Stages. International Journal of E-Health and Medical Communications (IJEHMC), 6(2), 1-9.
• Umer Rashid (2014). Information Design for Email Advertisements. VFAST Transactions on Software Engineering, 2(1), 1-5.
• Umer Rashid (2014). A Methodological Approach: Formal Specification of Quality Attributes Modeling Approaches In The Waterfall Process Model. VAWKUM Transactions on Computer Sciences, 3(2), 1-6.

• Bool chapters

• Umer Rashid and Bakhtawar Arif, “PERIA-Framework: A Prediction Extension Revision Image Annotation Framework”, Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, Springer, 738, 25-31, Springer, 2018.
• Umer Rashid, Marco Viviani, Gabriella Pasi and Muhammad Afzal Bhatti, “The browsing issue in multimodal information retrieval: A navigation tool over a multiple media search result space”, Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 400, 271-282, Springer, 2015.
• Umer Rashid, Iftikhar Azim Niaz and Muhammad Afzal Bhatti, “Unified Multimodal Search Framework for Multimedia Information Retrieval”, Advanced Techniques in Computing Sciences and Software Engineering, 129-136, Springer, 2010.
• Umer Rashid, Iftikhar Azim Niaz, and Muhammad Afzal Bhatti, “Fusion of Multimodal Document Intra-Modality Relevancies Using Linear Combination Model”, Advanced Techniques in Computing Sciences and Software Engineering, 575-580, Springer, 2010.
• Umer Rashid and Muhammad Afzal Bhatti, “Exploration and Management of Web Based Multimedia Information Resources”, Innovations and Advanced Techniques in Systems, Computing Sciences and Software Engineering, 500-506, Springer, 2008.

• Conference Publications

• Abdur Rehman Khan, Umer Rashid, Ayesha Saadia, Amanullah Yasin. (2024). A Heuristic Multimedia Verticals Aggregated Search Approach and User Behavioral Analysis.  International Conference on Engineering & Computing Technologies (ICECT). 2024.
• Sumaira Ambreen, Umer Rashid, Maha Saddal. (2023). An Architecture to Research Aggregated Vertical Web Search Results. To be published in the proceedings of INMIC 2023.
• Muhammad Wajeeh Uz Zaman, Abdur Rehman, Umer Rashid. (2023). Towards Summarization of Aggregated Multimedia Verticals Web Search Results. To be published in the proceedings of ICET 2023.
• Wilayat Ali Khan, Umer Rashid, & Tariq Jamil. (2022, October). A Socialized Geotagging Based Garbage Identification and Severity Ranking Mechanism. In 2022 International Conference on IT and Industrial Technologies (ICIT) (pp. 1-7). IEEE.
• Abdul Rehman Khan & Umer Rashid (2021, April). A Relational Aggregated Disjoint Multimedia Search Results Approach using Semantics. In 2021 International Conference on Artificial Intelligence (ICAI) (pp. 62-67). IEEE.
• Aimen Javid, Umer Rashid, & Akmal Saeed Khattak (2020, November). Marking Early Lesions in Labial Colored Dental Images using a Transfer Learning Approach. In 2020 IEEE 23rd International Multitopic Conference (INMIC) (pp. 1-5). IEEE.
• Maha Saddal, Umer Rashid, Akmal Saeed Khattak (2019, November). A browsing approach to explore web image search results. In 2019 22nd International Multitopic Conference (INMIC) (pp. 1-6). IEEE.
• Umer Rashid, Muhammad Afzal Bhatti, and Mubashar Mushtaq, “Proximal Search of Image Segments in CBIR”, In proceedings of 31st International Conference on Computer Applications in Industry and Engineering (CAINE 2018), 65-70, 2018, USA.
• Umer Rashid, & Muhammad Afzal Bhatti, M. A. (2015, October). Towards a conceptual framework to implement multiple media information search system. In 2015 Tenth International Conference on Digital Information Management (ICDIM) (pp. 154-159). IEEE.
• Umer Rashid, Muhammad Afzal Bhatti, Iftikhar Azim Niaz (2010, April). A task oriented hybrid framework for interface architecture design. In 2010 Seventh International Conference on Information Technology: New Generations (pp. 1172-1176). IEEE.
• Umer Rashid, Muhammad Afzal Bhatti, Iftikhar Azim Niaz (2009, October). Designing interactions using OAI model: A new interface modeling paradigm. In 2009 International Conference on Emerging Technologies (pp. 422-426). IEEE.
• Umer Rashid, Iftikhar Azim Niaz, Muhammad Afzal Bhatti (2009, April). M3L: architecture for multimedia information retrieval. In 2009 Sixth International Conference on Information Technology: New Generations (pp. 1067-1072). IEEE.
• Umer Rashid, & Muhammad Afzal Bhatti, M. A. (2007). Enhanced Term-specific Smoothing using Document World Clusters. In CITA'07, 5th International Conference on Information Technology in Asia (pp. 140-144).